Who regulates NORM
NORM is often regulated by environment or mining authorities rather than the nuclear regulator. This is the single most useful thing to know about the field.
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| Industry | Regulator type | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Oil and gas scale | Mixed | US: State radiation and environmental protection agencies (e.g. Texas RRC, LDEQ), US EPA · NO: DSA (Norwegian Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority) & Miljødirektoratet |
| Phosphogypsum | Environment authority | US: US EPA (Clean Air Act NESHAP Subpart R, 40 CFR Part 61) · EU: National environmental protection agencies under EU Basic Safety Standards |
| Rare earth / Thorium | Nuclear regulator | MY: Department of Atomic Energy (Atom Malaysia) · AU: ARPANSA & State radiation health bodies (e.g. WA Radiological Council) |
| Mining and smelting residues | Mining authority | BR: CNEN (Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear) & ANM (Agência Nacional de Mineração) · ZA: National Nuclear Regulator (NNR) & Department of Mineral Resources and Energy (DMRE) |
| Uranium mining residues | Mixed | US: US EPA (UMTRCA Title I/II standards), US NRC, DOE-LM · CA: Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC) |
| Coal ash | Environment authority | US: US EPA (Coal Combustion Residuals Rule, 40 CFR Part 257) · KR: 환경부 (폐기물관리법) & 원자력안전위원회 (생활주변방사선 안전관리법) |
| Zircon and zirconia | Mixed | AU: State mining & radiation safety departments (e.g. Queensland Health, WA DMIRS) · EU: National radiation protection authorities under EU Basic Safety Standards |
| Water treatment residues | Environment authority | US: US EPA (Safe Drinking Water Act regulations) & State DEQs · DE: Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (BfS) & State environmental authorities |